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The spiked Wigner model is a classic framework in random matrix theory: the observation matrix can be written as Y = λ x x^T + W, where x is the low-rank signal vector to be estimated and W is a real symmetric Wigner noise matrix (upper-triangular entries independent and identically distributed, with mean zero and variance 1/n), and λ controls the signal-to-noise ratio.
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10/19/2026
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