Unverified50% confidenceFactExact time
Academia generally regards the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act as an important driver of the deepening of the Great Depression and the fragmentation of the international trading system, and it is also often cited as a classic negative example of "beggar-thy-neighbor" policy.
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10/19/2026
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UnverifiedWhen the Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act was introduced, more than a thousand economists signed a petition against it, arguing that high tariffs would hinder the international division of labor, invite retaliation, and deepen the Depression.76% similarUnverifiedSarah Paine's analysis argues that the Smoot-Hawley tariffs, through the chain reaction of shrinking global trade, intensified Japan's sense of existential anxiety and ultimately became one of the indirect factors pushing it toward war.65% similarUnverified制度经济学家道格拉斯·诺斯将交易成本框架延伸到国家制度层面，指出正式规则（法律）与非正式规则（文化惯例）共同构成制度摩擦的来源61% similarUnverifiedThe Smoot-Hawley Tariff Act was proposed by Representative Willis Hawley and Senator Reed Smoot, signed into law by President Hoover in June 1930, and raised tariffs on more than 20,000 imported goods to historic highs, with the average rate rising to about 40% or more.55% similarUnverifiedThe concept of legitimation crisis was proposed by sociologist Jürgen Habermas in the 1970s, originally used to analyze the governance difficulties of late-capitalist states.52% similar
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