X11

Wayland is a next-generation compositor protocol on the Linux desktop that replaces the legacy X11 display protocol and has become the default session environment in mainstream distributions such as Fedora and Ubuntu.

Wayland相比传统的X11协议，在安全隔离和图形渲染效率上有显著优势

Wayland is a Linux display server protocol designed to replace X11, which has a history of over 30 years, and isolates inter-application input event access at the protocol level.

Wayland adopts a more modern compositor model and is superior to X11 in fractional scaling, multi-monitor, and high refresh rate support; X11 has a long history and good compatibility, but its architecture is outdated and has defects such as tearing and difficulty with multi-screen scaling.

JWM (Joe's Window Manager) is a lightweight stacking window manager designed for X11, developed by Joe Wingbermuehle, written in C, and dependent only on basic libraries such as Xlib.

Wayland lacks X11's global coordinate system, and certain visual effects that depend on absolute screen positions (such as cross-window shadows) require the compositor to provide additional interfaces.

X11 uses a client-server model, where clients send drawing instructions directly to the X server, and the compositor (such as Compton) is usually an optional additional layer.

Under the Wayland architecture, traditional X11 effect libraries (such as XRender-based shadows) cannot be ported directly and need to be redeveloped for Wayland's rendering pipeline (such as EGL and Vulkan).

Wayland intentionally limits what other programs can observe and inject, and most AT-SPI-related assumptions are based on X11.

In a Wayland environment, traditional X11 tools (such as clipboard scripts based on xdotool) often fail to work properly.

i3 is currently the most popular X11 tiling window manager, and Sway is its spiritual successor under the Wayland compositing protocol, with an API highly compatible with i3.

Wayland's security model prohibits global input interception, causing most voice input tools to fail under Wayland compositors or require special permissions

X11 (X Window System) is a display protocol born in 1984.

X11 adopts a network-transparent client-server architecture in which any client process can listen to keyboard input and capture screen content.

Wayland's security model is stricter than X11's; applications cannot arbitrarily listen to keyboard events from other windows or directly manipulate the clipboard, and must instead use dedicated protocols such as zwlr_data_control or xdg-desktop-portal.

The Linux version of the Zoom client actively reads all content written to the X11 clipboard, rather than reading it only when the user performs a paste operation.

X11 has no permission isolation mechanism; any client with access to the same X server can request to read the current clipboard content at any time and listen for clipboard ownership change events.

Any X11 client can theoretically read keyboard input, capture the contents of other windows, monitor and read the clipboard, and inject synthetic events into other windows.

X11's design is based on the assumption that all programs running under the same X server are trusted, and therefore no isolation between clients was established.

Many applications run through the XWayland compatibility layer, which reintroduces some of X11's security weaknesses to a certain extent.