OT

Google Docs早期采用OT（操作变换，Operational Transformation）方案解决并发编辑问题

Both Google Docs and early Figma adopted variants of OT (Operational Transformation) to implement real-time collaboration.

The core challenges of deploying industrial intelligence include data silos, organizational resistance (operators worry about being replaced, middle managers worry about their experience being drained, and IT-OT collaboration barriers), as well as the high cost of knowledge modeling and the difficulty of quantifying results in the short term.

OT (Operational Technology) refers to hardware and software systems used to monitor and control physical equipment, covering PLCs, SCADA, industrial controllers and building automation devices, and is relatively isolated from IT networks that handle office data.

IT-side measures such as patch management and endpoint detection cannot be directly applied to OT environments, because a single reboot can halt production lines or even cause physical accidents.

OT (operational technology) refers to systems that directly control physical processes, such as PLCs, SCADA, and industrial control systems, and such systems were designed with priority on reliability and real-time performance rather than security.

Multi-user collaborative editing capability usually relies on backend services to manage document state, conflict merging, and permission control, for example Figma uses OT or CRDT algorithms to synchronize multiple users' real-time operations.

IT（信息技术）指企业用于数据处理、通信和办公的系统，如服务器、数据库、收银终端；OT（运营技术）指直接监控和操控物理设备的硬件与软件，例如PLC、SCADA以及制冷机组的温控模块。

The specific merge mechanism adopted by Rune (such as OT or CRDT) has not yet been publicly disclosed.

OT (Operational Technology) refers broadly to hardware and software systems that directly monitor and control physical equipment and industrial processes, and is fundamentally distinct from IT systems that primarily handle data.

An oil tanker can have a service life of up to 25 years and its equipment is difficult to update frequently, making maritime OT systems high-value attack targets with weak defenses.

If attackers breach the IT-side defenses, they may move laterally into the OT network and send malicious commands to control systems without operators being aware.

Shipping companies should implement network isolation, access control, and continuous monitoring for critical OT systems such as navigation and propulsion.

Propulsion control systems are typically based on industrial PLCs or proprietary protocols, belong to the OT category along with ECDIS, and have traditionally operated on closed local area networks physically isolated from external networks.

Operational technology (OT) systems directly control physical equipment, such as industrial control systems (ICS), supervisory control and data acquisition systems (SCADA), and programmable logic controllers (PLC)

Attacks targeting infrastructure can first compromise IT networks through means such as phishing emails, then move laterally into OT environments, and ultimately carry out destructive operations on factory equipment, power grid dispatch, or water treatment processes

OT environments prioritize availability, while IT environments prioritize confidentiality, and there is a fundamental difference in response priorities between the two.

Figma's collaborative editing is based on CRDT (Conflict-free Replicated Data Type) technology, which, compared to the OT algorithm, does not rely on a central server for conflict arbitration.

Zed uses a CRDT approach to resolve conflicts in real-time collaboration; compared to the OT algorithm used by Google Docs, CRDT has better fault tolerance for network latency and offline scenarios.

Figma's CTO Evan Wallace has detailed how Figma chose a variant of CRDT rather than OT to implement collaboration.